Benazir Bhutto Assassination Martyred

Benazir is martyred but who is responsible

3 days ago, Benazir Bhutto , the chairperson of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) , the largest democtratic party, was killed in a suicide bomb in Rawalpindi after addressing to a public rally in Liaquet Khan Bagh.
Govt officials are saying that she was not killed by Gunshot or bomb but she died of hitting her face with something hard while going inside her car. She was using bullet proof vehicle and even bombs couldn't harm her car , But PPP are not confirming this. One of party leader who was with benazir bhutto when she was attacked , told that she saw a bullet wound on benazir's head but Officials are not confirming it.

Officials are saying that they have intercepted a voice communication between a Maulana and Abdulaah Mehsood , an Afghan freedom fighter. They confirmed that Mehsood was behind ms benazir bhutto's murder. But today, Abdullah Mehsood 's representative talked to new reporters and he said that abdullah Mehsood is not behind the murder of benazir and that he is nothing to do with Benazir 's Murder. Government is saying that he is lying.

To us , we know this is totally government 's propaganda to put lies intead truths. Govt is not ready to allow international inverstigator to investigate her murder , why ? who knows. :) , this is pakistan, no one is safe here.

Who is behind benazir 's murder ?
1. Musharraf
2. Pervez Ellahi
3. Al-qaeda
4. America

why america wants to kill benazir ?? because they don't want to see democracy in Pakistan and they are behind everything bad going in Pakistan.


Musharraf , i don't know , but i think, he is one who is going to be favoured by Benazir's murder.

review about emarkaz

Review about emarkaz

eMarkaz.com is the biggest ecommerce website in pakistan since 2003. but emarkaz is a providing very bad service at very high cost. they take so much time to send gifts to pakistan, misplace orders. and most of new users usually reject their orders so often. i myself have rejected 3 orders due to their bad bad service,

i think sites like emarkaz should be closed because they are fooling people instead of providing quality service. they charge so much but they don't care about their customers. why emarkaz is still popular ? i think the only reason is that we don't have anyother option left.

emarkaz is very bad service. no doubt.

Benazir Bhutto assissination martyred

Benazir is martyred but who is responsible

3 days ago, Benazir Bhutto , the chairperson of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) , the largest democtratic party, was killed in a suicide bomb in Rawalpindi after addressing to a public rally in Liaquet Khan Bagh.
Govt officials are saying that she was not killed by Gunshot or bomb but she died of hitting her face with something hard while going inside her car. She was using bullet proof vehicle and even bombs couldn't harm her car , But PPP are not confirming this. One of party leader who was with benazir bhutto when she was attacked , told that she saw a bullet wound on benazir's head but Officials are not confirming it.

Officials are saying that they have intercepted a voice communication between a Maulana and Abdulaah Mehsood , an Afghan freedom fighter. They confirmed that Mehsood was behind ms benazir bhutto's murder. But today, Abdullah Mehsood 's representative talked to new reporters and he said that abdullah Mehsood is not behind the murder of benazir and that he is nothing to do with Benazir 's Murder. Government is saying that he is lying.

To us , we know this is totally government 's propaganda to put lies intead truths. Govt is not ready to allow international inverstigator to investigate her murder , why ? who knows. :) , this is pakistan, no one is safe here.

Who is behind benazir 's murder ?
1. Musharraf
2. Pervez Ellahi
3. Al-qaeda
4. America

why america wants to kill benazir ?? because they don't want to see democracy in Pakistan and they are behind everything bad going in Pakistan.


Musharraf , i don't know , but i think, he is one who is going to be favoured by Benazir's murder.

Pakistan elections 2007

Pakistan Elections 2007

Pakistani politics has come to the same point as it was in 1999 when musharraf took power. Nawaz and benazir were fighting against each other for power then Nawaz sharif made a serious mistake and Musharraf got chance to rule pakistan. and Musharraf continue to rule till today , now he is althought not an army chief but president of pakistan.

He proved 8 years ago , that nawaz and benazir are very dangerous for pakistan, he promised to the nation that they will not get chance to loot and rule pakistan. Well, bad luck dear pakistanis, it looks musharraf is so used to power that he is ready to accept benazir as future prime ministor of pakistan. i was shocked to read this new recently on local newspaper in lahore, it is so sad.


Musharraf, not only wrapped up every case against benazir and nawaz but he is now ready to share power with them. I wonder in 7 years, nothing has changed , today pakistan is still begging to IMF and WORLD BANK. Benazir and Nawaz Sharif are in Pakistan again. Militants are everywhere in northern Pakistan, First NWFP was ruined and now its SWAT where military is involved to take control.

Anyways, i was talking about Elections in Pakistan, Party members have already started their elections compeigns in their areas. Lets talk about Lahore, its is being written on the walls that future prime ministor will be " PERVEZ ELLAHI" , i some time laugh at what is happening in lahore, for example, PERVEZ ELLAHI is HOME MINISTOR of Punjab. In lahore, he is doing some progress. he did some good works but u know to whom every credit is being given to ??? Well , MONUS ELAHI is getting every credit of his father/uncle work, i wonder what the hell is he ? why his name is being wall chalked by authorities. If any road is being developed, its developed by MONUS ELLAHI ( this is how it is said to people , monus elahi is doing everthing) But MONUS ELLAHI is not in Power, he is not a member of Provincial or National assembly, from where does he get power to do all these works ? definitly it is done by his father and uncle, but there is a propaganda to misuse power, to get elected their family members. Bad Bad choice by pakistani politicians.

Now, i think what else will be more bad than this that villagers like Shujaat and Pervez Ellahi and Monus Ellahi are getting power. I don't know who give them votes in Pakistan and why ?


Why dont' people follow bright and respected leaders like IMRAN KHAN , i think, World is right about pakistan, Pakistanis are ignorant, idiots and stupid people and they like leaders like them. they don't want that some educated, impressive, braveheart and dedicated person IMRAN KHAN lead them. To me, i think next prime minister is going to be Benazir Bhutto, but let see what happens in FUTURE. Elections in Pakistan are very near.


Thank You

تیسرا ٹیسٹ ڈرا، 27سال بعد پاکستان کو ٹیسٹ سیریزمیں شکست کھلاڑی کالم نگاری،اداکاری،شاپنگ،نائٹ کلبوں میں راتیں گزارن

تیسرا ٹیسٹ ڈرا، 27سال بعد پاکستان کو ٹیسٹ سیریزمیں شکست کھلاڑی کالم نگاری،اداکاری،شاپنگ،نائٹ کلبوں میں راتیں گزارنا

اوراشتہارات میں کام کے متلاشی رہےقومی کرکٹرز کو اس بات کا احساس ہی نہیں رہا کہ وہ

ایک قوم کی ترجمانی کررہے ہیں
یوں لگتا ہے کہ جیت پاکستانی ٹیم کے در دروازے بھول چکی ہے۔پہلے ون ڈے سیریز میں شکست کا سامنا کرناپڑا اور اب ٹیسٹ سیریز میں بھی ہار کا منہ دیکھنا پڑا ہے جبکہ اس سے قبل جب ٹیم بھارت کے دورے پر جارہی تھی تو جانے سے چار روز قبل جنوبی افریقہ کے ہاتھوں ون ڈے سیریز میں شکست کھانے کے بعد پریس کانفرنس کے دوران میں شعیب ملک کا کہنا تھا کہ ہمارے لیے دورہ بھارت انتہائی اہمیت کا حامل ہے جنوبی افریقہ کے ہاتھوں شکست سے ہمیں فائدہ پہنچا ہے کہ ہمیں اپنی کمزوریوں کا علم ہوگیا ہے لہذا بھارت جاکر ہم ان غلطیوں کا نہ صرف ازالہ کرینگے بلکہ ہندوستان میں اپنی کامیابی کے ریکارڈ کو برقرار رکھتے ہوئے فتوحات حاصل کرینگے لیکن قومی کرکٹ ٹیم کے کپتان کے تمام دعوے دھرے کے دھرے رہ گئے ہیں اور 24سال بعد ون ڈے سیریز اور 27سال بعد ٹیسٹ سیریز میں بھارت نے پاکستان کو اپنی سرزمین پر شکست سے دوچار کردیا ہے جو کہ موجود قومی کرکٹ ٹیم پرایک بد نماداغ ہے۔کیونکہ پاکستان کے گزشتہ دورہ بھارت کے موقع پر ٹیم کے پاس نہ تو شعیب اختر جیسا سپیڈ سٹار تھا اور نہ ہی مصباح الحق جیسا مین آف دی کرائسسز تھا لیکن اس کے باوجود پاکستان نے محض رانا نوید جیسے کمزور سپیڈکے مالک بولر کے ساتھ 25سال سے قائم ریکارڈ کو ٹوٹنے نہ دیا لیکن اس بار نہ صرف ٹیم کے پاس بڑے بڑے نام تھے بلکہ ٹیم کی حوصلہ افزائی کیلئے کرکٹ بورڈ کے تینوں ڈئرایکٹر ز،تینوں سلیکٹرز اور پی سی بی کے چیئرمین نسیم اشرف صاحب بھی ٹیم کے ہمراہ بھارت میں موجود رہے لیکن اس کے باوجود 27سال بعدشکست ملنے پر مسوائے حیرت زدہ ہوئے اور کیا کیا جاسکتا ہے؟۔بھارت کے دورہ پر پاکستان کو محض دو ون ڈے میچز میں کامیابی نصیب ہوئی جو کہ میرے خیال میں قومی ٹیم کے شان شایان میں نہیں ہے لیکن حیران کن امر یہ ہے کہ ناقص کارکردگی کے بعد ٹیم کے ارکان اور انتظامیہ کے چہرے مطمئن ہیں جیسے کچھ ہوا ہی نہیں ہے یا جیسے تمام تر نتائج توقع کے عین مطابق سامنے آئے ہوں اس لیے وہ ہشاش بشاش لگ رہے ہیں۔ہار جیت کھیل کا حصہ ہے لیکن بغیر کچھ مزاحمت کیے ہار جانا برداشت نہیں ہوتا اور بالخصوص بھارت کے خلاف آسانی سے شکست پر خاموش رہنا ہم پاکستانیوں کے بس کی بات نہیں ہے کیونکہ کراہ ارض پر بھارت ہی ایک ایسا ملک ہے جو پاکستانی قوم کا سب سے بڑا دشمن ہے پوری قوم بھارت کے ہاتھوں شکست پر افسردہ ہوتی ہے لیکن حیرانی کی بات ہے ہمارے موجودہ کرکٹرز کو اس بات کا قطعی احساس نہیں ہے کہ وہ ایک قوم کی ترجمانی کررہے ہیں اور پوری قوم کی امیدوں کے وہ محور ہیں ان تمام باتوں سے قطع نظر ہمارے کرکٹرز نے بھارتی اخباروں میں کالم لکھنا ،فلموں میں کام حاصل کرنے کی جستجو کرنا ،شاپنگ کرنا،سینما ہال جانا، نائٹ کلب میں جا کر ہلا گلہ کرنا اور اشتہاری کمپنیوں کے نمائندوں کے آگے پیچھے پھرنے کے سوا کچھ بھی نہیں کیا۔جس کی بدولت پاکستان کو دو دہائیوں بعد بھارتی سرزمین پر رسوا ہو کر وطن لوٹنا پڑا جو کہ پاکستانی کرکٹرز کی لاپرواہی اور انتظامیہ کی نااہلی کا کھلا ثبوت ہے۔کوئی کپتانی کے زور پر کھیل رہا ہے تو کوئی کپتانی کے حصول کیلئے کھیل رہا ہے کسی کو کپتانی سے الجھن ہے تو کوئی ہر بات سے بے خبر ہوکر اپنی جگہ برقرار رکھنے کیلئے کھیل رہا ہے۔یوں لگتا ہے کہ سبھی وقت گزار رہے ہیں اور بورڈ کے عہدیدار انہیں بھر پور تحفظ کے یقین دہانی کرارہے ہیں۔ سلیکٹرز اپنی من مانی کررہے ہیں اور میرٹ کے نام پر اپنے چہیتے کھلاڑیوں کو ٹیم میں کھیلا جارہا ہے۔عبدالرازق اور عمران فرحت جیسے کہنہ مشق کھلاڑی ناراض ہو کر کھیل سے کنارہ کشی اختیار کرچکے ہیں جبکہ شاہد آفریدی اور عمران نذیر جیسے تابڑتوڑ کھلاڑی چیف سلیکٹر کی ستم ظریفی کا شکار ہوچکے ہیں شعیب ملک کو بلاوجہ مزید ایک سال کیلئے کپتان نامزد کرکے سنیئر کھلاڑیوں میں انتشار کی فضا پیدا کردی گئی ہے۔میں نے پندرہ دن قبل اپنے کالم میں لکھا تھا کہ قومی کرکٹ ٹیم کے حالات ایمرجنسی کی جانب گامزن ہیں اور اب ایمرجنسی کا نفاذ ناگزیر ہوچکا ہے لیکن جس طرح ملک میں ناانصافی اور من مانی کا راج ہے یہی صورت حال کرکٹ بورڈ کی ہے لہذا سبھی ناانصافی کے دور سے سے فائدہ اٹھارہے ہیں کیونکہ جہاں کوئی پوچھنا والا نہ ہو وہاں کے اداروں اور ٹیموں کی کارکردگی کا یہی حشر ہوتا ہے۔ایک پاکستانی ہونے کے ناطے میں یہی دعا کرسکتا ہوں کہ اللہ پاکستان پر رحم فرمائے۔آمین

urdu poetry websites in pakistan

urdu poetry websites in pakistan



There are many urdu websites in pakistan which are unique and very colorful. here is a list of few urdu websites which are liked by a big pakistani community , locally and internationally.


UrduPoint.com

At the top list of these websites comes URDUPOINT , this webiste is a great resource of urdu knowledge on internet, urdu poetry , jokes ,mazah, kids section, news articles and so on. Urdupoint.com has more than 200 greeting cards as well which are liked by everyone. Urdupoint office is in Liberty Market , LHR. Urdupoint offers urdu text type material, it is based on fonts.
www.urdupoint.com

Urdu123.com

This website has a bad bad designing infrastructure but still it catches huge number of users. It has almost every thing as contains urdupoint.com. urdu123.com is using images to show urdu text on web
www.urdu123.com

UrduShairy.com

Urdu shairy.com is a urdu poetry forum. and its not in real urdu , but ROMAN URDU. people type in real english to write in URDU.
www.urdushairy.com/forum/

UrduMaza.com

UrduMaza.com is a very attractive website in both designing and material. It as going to become the biggest urdu website on internet sooner or later. This website contains most good looking urdu images on the web. It Contains urdu poetry, urdu jokes , urdu horoscope, urdu cards, urdu sports, urdu islam articles, woman articles, kitchen tips , health tips, make up tips, kithen recipees, Forum , Chatroom , pakistani songs, indian songs, english songs, online games for kids, urdu stories, urdu songs, hindi songs, photogallery of pakistan, photogallery of bollywood, photogallery of hollywood , photogallery of lollywood, urdu sms, urdu shairy, and a lot more. urdumaza.com is the first complete urdu & entertainment website.
www.urdumaza.com

Pakistan Cricket Captain Younis Khan or Shoaib Malik

who should be the captain ? SHOAIB MALIK or YOUNUS KHAN


To me , i don't think that there is any fault of shoaib malik in recent series defeats from india. totally its all team effort loss. No one did play good or tried extra ordinary to win match. Shoaib malik is not a strong person to be appointed as captain. he is soft, he is not aggressive, his biggest problem is that he listen to boys and do what they say. captains make decision in the best interest of team not individual player.

guess, if Shoaib Akhter says that he wants to open the inning, then will shoaib malik be able to say " Sorry Mr, you are a bowler not a batsman and you are not capabable of batting , every one knows that " , i can bet , shoaib malik will not say like that. he will reply to akhtar, "shoabi bhai , yaar yeh tu koi baat nahi howi , aap plz open karnay ka iraada badal do , aap ki bari meharbani ho gi , main aap ka yeh ihsaan kabhi nahi bholoon ga"

well, reason are many , Malik is soft, he is junior than most of the team members, and unfortunately pakistani cricket teams is full of aggressive players like afridi , shoaib, asif , Younis, Sami.

So , who can be good captain now ?

well, answer is very simple and every one know that as well. the only choice is younas khan, he is aggressive captains , and he can handle team members very well, he is senior too.

so i wonder PCB will have to change their mind and say sorry to Younis and request him to please accept captaincy of Pakistan Cricket team, i dont' think there would be a single player in the planet who doesnt' want to be the captain of Pakistan Cricket Team. Then how can Younis say that he is not going to accept captaincy, there some serious talking b/w management or some other person in PCB and Younis. So try to solve problems, please don't create them by replacing Shoaib Malik with some one even more junior or other than Younus Khan.

Pakistan loses test series 2007 in india

bad news for Pakistan cricket fans.

i am really sad to write this but its true , after losing ODI series 3-2 to india , Pakistan lost test series 1-0 as well. However, Thank God, they were on the brink of losing test series 2-0 but weather problem and bad light abandoned match when they were 7 wicket down and only Muhammad Yousuf was there to struggle. But bad light saved the day for pakistans and empires rudi koertson team decided to end the match.

Shoaib Akhter looked as he was just not playing, he is 34+ , and at this age, he can't play for pakistan anymore, especially NOT TESTS.

Misbah Ul Haq, is the only player who is worth to be saying a true Pakistani, he saved pakistan from a shameful defeat twice in last 3 test and so many times in ODI's, He is just new comer and talents shows inside him.

Kamran akmal is good too but he needs time and adjustments , salman butt, i don't know what is wrong with you, why can't you bat brother ?

Yasir hameed,hmm, stop cricket go and born more kids, this is the only job you can do better.

Younis Khan, keep this team live, otherwise, i dont think there is any other reason to lose, other than , lack of pure talent and self confidence.

Bad Luck Pakistan, again.

Pakistan Favourite Personalities

Pakistan
Pakistan: List of Pakistanis
Pakistan is the sixth most populous nation in the world. Below is a list of such people who belong or relate in some way to this nation.


Heads of State or Government
Muhammed Ali Jinnah
Ghulam Mohammed
Liaqat Ali Khan
Sir Feroz Khan Noon
Chaudhury Mohammad Ali
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
Muhammad Khan Junejo
Benazir Bhutto
Zafarullah Khan Jamali
Ghulam Ishaq Khan
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
Iskander Mirza
Moeen Qureshi
Balakh Sher Mazari
Khawaja Nazimuddin
Nawaz Sharif
Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy
Shaukat Aziz
Muhammad Rafeeq Tarrar

Martial Law Administrators
Ayub Khan (1958–1969)
Yahya Khan (1969 – 1971)
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (1977 – 1988)
Pervez Musharraf (1999 - Incumbent)

Other Major (Historical) Political Figures
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Fatima Jinnah
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Maulana Mohammad Ali
Choudhary Rahmat Ali
Bahadur Yar Jung
G. M. Syed
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Khawaja Nazimuddin
Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar
Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy

Famous Politicians
Allama Mashriqi
Mian Tufail Mohammad
Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq
malik amjad ali noon

Other Political/Religious Figures
Qudrat Ullah Shahab
Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri
Muhammad Taqi Usmani
Muhammad Rafi Usmani
Dr Humayun Abbas Shams
Maulana Tariq Azam Shaheed
Maulana Mufti Shamzai Shaheed
Maulana Hazrat Yousuf Ludhiyanvi Shaheed
Syed Ali Nawaz Shah Rizvi
Allama Hassan Turabi Shaheed
Maulana Tariq Jamil
Khwaja Shamsuddin Azeemi
Allama Ehsan Ellahi Zaheer
Altaf Shakoor
Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri
Muhammad Ilyas Qadri
Allama Talib Jauhri
Abdul Hakeem
Mujtahid Maulana Hashmat Ali Shah
Allama Rasheed Turabi
Altaf Hussain
Aslam Khattak
Khan Abdul Wali Khan
Fazlur Rehman
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
Asfandyar Wali Khan
Ajmal Khattak
Sherbaz Mazari
Sardar Attaullah Mengal
Shabbir Ahmad Rao
Rais Hakim Ali Zardari
Sheikh Amin
Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan
Mian Umar Hayat
Khurshid Ahmed Kasuri
Maulana Shah Ahmed Norani
Maulana Samiul Haq
Maulana Kausar Niazi
Mufti Mahmood
Nawab Khalid Khakwani
Nawabzada Musa Khakwani
Qazi Hussain Ahmed
Sardar Amir Azam
Sardar Mehtab Ahmed Khan Abbasi
Gohar Ayub Khan
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto
Asif Ali Zardari
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
Dr. Israr Ahmed
Sheikh Kashif Ibn Khalid
Dr. Aamir Liaquat Hussain
Dr. Safdar Sarki
Dr. Ghulam Murtaza
Ishaq Khan Khakwani
Khurshid Shah
Nasim Ur Rehman
Qaim Ali Shah
Chiragh Ali Hakeem
Allama Naseem Abbas Rizvi
Allama Agha Zameer-ul-Hassan Najafi
Syed Ahmad Anwar Shah
Murtaza Bhutto
Mir Shahnawaz Bhutto
Syed Baryab Hussain Naqvi
Allama Abbas kumaili
Allama Arif Husain al Husiani
Dr.Mohammad Ali Naqvi
Shaheed Agha Zia-ud-Din Rizvi
Joseph Cordeiro
Malik Anwer Ali Noon
Khalid Q Awan
Arshad Nawaz Malik

Famous Social Scientists
Dr.Syed Ali Wasif, President, Society For International Reforms And Research, Washington DC, USA
Dr. Feroze Khowaja
Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan
Dr. Mehboob-ul-Haq
Dr. Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
Dr. Zeba Ayesha Sathar

Human Rights Activists and Philanthropists
Dr.Syed Ali Wasif, Secretary General, Human Rights Group of Pakstan, Karachi.
Abdul Sattar Edhi
Altaf Shakoor
Ruth Pfau
Ansar Burney
Hakim Mohammed Said
Afrasiab Khattak
Iqbal Haider
Justice Dorab Patel
I. A. Rahman
Hizbullah Kehar
Hussain Naqi
Aziz Siddiqui
Ahsan M. Saleem
Zia Awan Advocate
Qari Nishan Ali Abbasi
Malik Arshad Nawaz
Waqas Ahmed

Scholars and Scientists
Prof. Dr. Farid A. Khwaja, Physics, Education, Director General, National Institute of Electronics and National Physical Standards Labs. Former Direct General of NISTE.
Dr.Syed Ali Wasif, Professor, International Law / Politics
Dr. Shahzad Shams Neurosurgeon of Pakistan
Professor Ata-ur-Rehman Also Minister of Science & Technology
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan Founder of Pakistan's nuclear programme
Professor Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
Professor Dr Abdus Salam Nobel Laureate in Physics 1979
Dr Naveed Iqbal Physicst and Nuclear Engineer, Research scholar in Condensed Matter Physics, at Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
Dr. Malik Nazir Ahmed, Chair, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Institute of Avionics & Aeronautical Engineering, Air University Islamabad
Dr. Aamir Zafar Khan Hepatopancreatobiliary and Laparoscopic Surgeon
Dr. Abdullah Quddus Pioneer cardiologist surgeon.
Professor Dr Asif Hasan Qureshi, Law School,University of Manchester,UK
Dr. Prof. Abdul Qadeer Rajput Vice Chancellor, Mehran University of Engg. & Tech. Jamshoro.
Dr. Abdul Razzaq Kemal, former Director of PIDE
Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan, nuclear engineer, Chairman Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)1972-1991, Chairman Board of Governors IAEA, 1986-87.
Professor Ahmad Hasan Dani
Professor Akbar S. Ahmed holds Ibn Khaldun seat at American university
Dr Anjum P. Saleemi, Linguist and Cognitive Scientist
Dr. Arshad Saleem Bhatti, Expert in Semiconductor Physics, Chairman, Phyics Department CIIT, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Dr. Arif Zaman, Computer Scientist, Head of Computer Science Faculty at Lahore University of Management Sciences.
Professor Ayesha JalalScholar and Educationist and Religious and Spiritual leader, Hyderabad, Pakistan.
Dr. afa Rahu, Commisioner of Income Tax, Karachi, Pakistan. Medical Doctor, PHD, Pediatricion
Dr. Hafeez A. Pasha
Dr. Javaid Laghari
Dr. Khalida Ghous M.D., SPDC.
Dr. Talat A. Wizarat
Prof. Syed Sikander Mehdi
Dr. Moonis Ahmar
Dr. Rafat Karim, Shakespearean Research Scholar & Educationist, Karachi, Pakistan
Dr. Javed Hussain, Anthropologist, Head of Department of Social Sciences, IBA, Karachi
Javed Ahmed Ghamidi – author of Mizan and director of Al-Mawrid Institute of Islamic Sciences
Dr. Kaiser Bengali,
Dr. Mahbub ul Haq
Dr. Mahnaz Fatima
Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy,
Dr. Syed Hassan Raza Gilani
Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, Nuclear Scientist, Chairman,National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM)
Dr. Shahid Hussain Bokhari [Fellow IEEE and ACM]
Dr. Umar Saif Computer Scientist working on Developing World Technologies
Yousuf Siddiki, holder of the Guinness World Records for youngest CPA, noted for work in Islamic Banking
Zahid Jan, listed in major Who's Who directories, from Peshawar., born on December 22, 1978.
Gordhan Das Valasai, conducting research on "The Least Cost Power Generation Options for Pakistan", at Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro.
Kashif Idrees, Computer Professional working establishing unified Project Management Unit in Pakistan
Tahir Yaqub,Master in Mechatronic Engineering, Researcher and PhD Scholar in an Australian University.
Dr. Khalid Iqbal, Professor and Chairman Department of Neurochemistry,
New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York
Arshad nawaz Malik Arshad Nawaz .A famous prominent political personality of Pakistan People's Party Khushab and Bhalwal of Ali Pur Noon Sargodha and famous ex-police officer of[ [Federal Investigation Agency] of Pakistan] FIA.

Arts, Literature & Mass Media persons
Naseem Amrohvi (Author, Scholar, Poet, Lexicographer, liguist, Author of pakistan's first official urdu dictionary)
Shah Sharahbeel
Dr. Anwar Ahmad
[[Professor,Dr Tariq Salahuddin(One of the top Neuro Surgens of the world)

Writers & Poets
A useful place to see a list that overlaps with this one is List of Urdu poets.
A. S. Bokhari
A. Waliuddin
Abdul Ghani Khan
Adrian A. Husain
Ajmal Khattak
Alamgir Hashmi
Alauddin Masood
Altaf Fatima
Amar Jaleel
Anwar Masood
Anwar Maqsood
Ahmad Faraz
Ahmed Ali
Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi
Muhammad Ahsan Butt
Anis Nagi
Ayaz Alam Abro
Asif Farrukhi
Ata Ul Haq Qasmi
Attaullah Khan (Punjabi poet)
Bano Qudsia
Bapsi Sidhwa
Darya Khan Rind
Daud Kamal
Ejaz Rahim
Faiz Ahmed Faiz
Farida Faizullah
Fatima Bhutto
Fazil Jamili
Fazlur Rahman
G Allana
Khan Ghufran khan
Khawaja Reazuddin Atash
Khawar Chaudhry
Gulzar Bano
Habib R. Sulemani
Habib Rahman Baig
Hakim Said
Hasan Askari Sahar Abidi
Iftikhar Arif
Ihsan Danish
Ilona Yusuf
Imtiaz Ali Taj
Ishfaq Ahmad
Ishtiaq Baig
Jamal Abro
Javid Iqbal
Jon Elia
Kamila Shamsie
Masood Amjad Ali
Mirza Hasan Askari
Moeen Faruqi
Mona Hassan
M. Athar Tahir
Mohammad Iqbal
Muhammad Akram Khan
Muhammad Iqbal Naz
Muhammad Izhar ul Haq
Muhammad Munawwar Mirza
Mehmood ul Hasan Kokab
Dr Syed Muhammed Saeed Shah
Dr Syed Mehboob
Muneeza Shamsie
Mumtaz Mufti
Mushtaq Ahmad Yusufi
Mushfiq Khwaja (Author, poet and scholar)
Naseer Ahmad Nasir
Naseem Amrohvi (Author, Scholar, Poet, Lexicographer, liguist, Author of pakistan's first official urdu dictionary)
Nasim Yousaf
Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai
Noon Meem Rashid
Nuzhat Siddiqui
Obaidullah Aleem
Pareshan Khattak
Parveen Shakir
Ustad Qamar Jalalvi
Syed Qudrat Naqvi
Qudrat Ullah Shahab
Rais Amrohvi
Raja Tridev Roy
Saeed Rashid
Saadat Hasan Manto
Saadat Saeed
Sake Dean Mahomet
Syeda Sana Sajid Naqvi
Shahbano Bilgrami
Shaikh Ayaz
Shaukat Siddiqui
Sheryar Singha
Sobho Gianchandani
Soofia Ishaque
Suheyl Umar
Syed Kashif Raza
Tariq Alam Abro
Tariq Ali
Dr Tassaduq Hussain Raja
Taufiq Rafat
Dr Wazir Agha
Yousaf Saleem Chishti
Wasif Ali Wasif
Zahid Ahmed (Artist, writer, National College of Arts)
Zahid Dara Abro
Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah
Zamir Jafri

Actors and Actresses Film / TV / Stage
Abid Ali
Anjuman
Aqeel YosufXai
Babar Ali
Ejaz Aslam
Ghulam Mohiyoudeen
Humayoon Saeed
Irsa Ghazal
Moamar Rana
Moin Akhter
Muhammad Ali
Munawar Zareef
Mustafa Qurashi
Nadeem Baig
Nadia Khan
Nuzhat Talib
Nisho
Omar Rao
Qavi Khan
Raisham
Rani
Reema
Sohail Ahmed
Sabiha Khanum
Sana
Saima
Santosh Kumar
Shaan
Shafi Mohammad Shah
Shahid
Saeed Khan Rangeela
Shabnam
Sultan Rahi
Talat Hussain
Umer Sharif
Waheed Murad
Zaiba
Zaiba Bakhtiar

Artists & Painters
Ayaz Alam Abro
Abdul Rehman Chughtai
Ajaz Anwar
Amin Gul Jee
Anna Molka Ahmed
Dara Abro
Hajra Mansur
Iqbal Mehdi
Ismail Gul Jee
Lubna Agha
Mansur Rahi
Mala Iqbal
Moeen Faruqi
Mohammad Ali
Munawar Abro
Nadia Janjua
Rabia Zuberi
Sadequain Amrohvi
Shakir Ali
Shahid Mahmood (editorial cartoonist)
Sheraz Sherry
Template:Suhail Ahmad
Uzma Kazmi
Zafar Kazmi
Zahid Dara Abro
Zahid Ahmed (Artist, writer, National College of Arts)
Zubeida Agha
Dr. Syed Ali Wasif
Kafeel Bhai

Journalists
Mumtaz Hamid Rao, Pakistan Television
Aslam Malik, Newpaper Ataleeq
[Shakir Husain], columnist at the news, spider, aurora, chowk
Syed Atiq ul Hassan, homepage www.sauhassan.com
M. Haroon Abbas Qamar , Al Qamar Online
Tahir Ikram, CNBC Pakistan
Qamar Moheuddin, Pakistan Television , Islamabad
Nadeem Malik, CNBC Pakistan, Islamabad
Mujahid Barelvi
Mushtaq Minhas President Rawalpindi Islamabad Press Club
Javed Malik
Adil Najam
Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah
Hamid Mir
Mubashir Zaidi
Salman Hassan
Ardeshir Cowasjee
Mirza Hassan Askari
Eqbal Ahmad
Mishal Hussain
Rahimullah Yousufzai
Ashar Qureshi
Mazhar Ali Khan
Lady Nadira
Zamir Niazi
Fazil Jamili
Saleem Safi
Dr. Shahid Masood
Syed Kashif Raza
Hameed Nizami
Ahmed Rashid
Najam Sethi
Imran Aslam
Nadeem F. Paracha
Iqbal Jafri
Hasan Jafri
Kamal Siddiqi
Idrees Bakhtiar
Sherry Rahman
Maliha Lodhi
Rehana Hakim
Fauzia Shaheen
Khaled Ahmed
Nisar Abbas
Tahir Mirza
M Ziaudin
Farman Ali
Rafique Jalal
Mehmood Sham
Raja Hussain Khan Maqpoon
Khalid Hasan
Habib R. Sulemani
Nawaz Raza
C. R. Shamsi
Pervaz Shaokat
Hanif Khalid
iftikhar kazmi Editor,director news
Bedar Bakht Butt
D. Shaw Khan
Irfan Husain
Fahd Husain
Syed Saud Zafar
Gul Hameed Bhatti
Razia Bhatti
Malik Siraj Akbar
Siddiq Baluch
Nargis Baluch
Abdul Qayyum Safi
Azra Rashid Producer, CNBC Pakistan
Hina Malik Talk Show Host, CNBC Pakistan
Zarar Khan
Mahtab Aziz Freelance journalist
Shahnawaz Farooqui
Phyza Jameel
Faizan Lakhani
Shahrukh Hasan (Group Managing Editor, Jang Group, The News International)
Mudasser Aziz Reporter, AAJ TV,Karachi, Pakistan
Amjad Aziz Reporter / Producer, AAJ TV, Karachi, Pakistan
Jalil Ud Din
Syed kalbe Ali
Surendar Valasai First English Media Journalist from Dalit communities of Pakista
Mujahid Hussain Investigative journalist
Rana Faheem Aslam
Kashif Munir
[Fauzia Shaheen]Editor monthly newsmagazine
Mazhar Iqbal
Hanan Ali Abbasi
Qazi Abdul Majeed Abid (Founder of The Daily Ibrat Group of Newspapers, Sindh, Pakistan)
Qazi Asad Abid (Editor in Chief, The Daily Ibrat Group of Newspapers, Sindh, Pakistan) (Only person to be elected 8 times as the Secretary- General of the All Pakistan Newspaper Society, APNS)
Muhammad Aslam Kazi (founder of Daily Kawish, Sindhi newspaper aswell as KTN and Kashish, Sindhi tv channels)

Musicians and Bands
Aaroh
Abdul Ahad
Abrar-ul-Haq
Acid Headz
Adnan Sami Khan
Ahmed Jahanzaib
Alamgir (Pop Singer)
Ali Haider
Ali Zafar
Atif Aslam
Awaz
Burzukh
Corduroy
Danish Rahi
Entity Paradigm
Faakhir Mehmood
Faraz Anwar
Farida Khanum
Fariha Pervez
The Fatsumas
Fuzon
Ghufran khan
Gohar
Hadiqa Kiyani
Hassan Jahangir
Haroon Rashid
Jal
Jawad Ahmed
Junaid Jamshed
Junoon
Jupiters
Kaavish
Karavan
Khadija Haider
Lucky Ali
Malika Pukhraj
Mizmar
Mizraab
Muhammad Ali Shehki
Nadia Ali
Najam Sheraz
Nayyara Noor
Nazia Hasan and Zohaib Hasan
Noor Jehan
Noori
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
Overload
Rahim Shah
Razam
Rohail Hyatt
Rox3n
Rushk
Sajjad Ali
Shabnam Majeed
Shahzaman
Shallum Xavier
Sharique Roomi
Shehzad Roy
Sifr
Strings
The Banned
Tina Sani
Tehseen Javed
Visaal
Vital Signs
Waqar Ali
Zeest

VJs
Anoushey Ashraf
Mani (born Salman Saquib)
Faizan Haq
Dino
Fakhr-e-Alam
Naveen
Mohsin Ahmed
Waqar zaka
Verdafi
Natasha

Sports

Cricket
Abdul Hafeez Kardar
Abdul Razzaq
Danish Kaneria
Hanif Mohammad (the Little Master)
Imran Khan
Inzamam-ul-Haq
Javed Burki
Javed Miandad
Kamran Akmal
Moin Khan
Mohammad Yousuf (formerly *Yousuf Youhana
Sarfraz Nawaz
Shahid Khan Afridi
Shoaib Akhtar (the Rawalpindi Express)
Shoaib Malik
Waqar Younis (the Burewala Express)
Wasim Akram
Younis Khan
Zaheer Abbas (the Asian Bradman)

Hockey
Shahbaz Ahmad
Sohail Abbas
Shahid Ali Khan
Tahir Karamat

Snooker
Farhan Mirza
Khurram Hussain Agha
Latif Atiq Bukhsh
Syed Mesam Ali Zaidi
Mohammed Yousuf
Naveen Perwani
Saleh Mohammed
Sayed Shah
Shokat Ali

Squash
Hashim Khan
Jahangir Khan
Jansher Khan


Football
Ahsan Raza Shah
Zesh Rehman
Essa Khan
Jaffer Khan
Usman Gondal

Diplomats
A. S. Bokhari
Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
Ashraf Jehangir Qazi
Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri
Ch. Abdul Hameed Khan
Maliha Lodhi
Masood Khan
Syed Mohammad Inaamullah
Jamshed Marker
HE Tahir Schon
Tariq M. Mir

Military personalities
Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Nishan-E-Haider
Major Tufail Muhammad Shaheed (1914–August 7, 1958) Nishan-E-Haider
Captain Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed (1910–July 27, 1948) Nishan-E-Haider
Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed (1938–1971) Nishan-E-Haider
Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas Shaheed (1951–August 20, 1971) Nishan-E-Haider
Major Shabbir Sharif Shaheed (1943–December 6, 1971) Nishan-E-Haider
Sowar Muhammad Hussain Shaheed (1949–December 10, 1971) Nishan-E-Haider
Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed (1944–December 17, 1971) Nishan-E-Haider
Karnal Sher Khan Shaheed (1970–July 5, 1999) Nishan-E-Haider
Lalak Jan Shaheed (1967–July 7, 1999) Nishan-E-Haider
Naik Saif Ali Janjua Shaheed, (1922–1948) Hilal-e-Kashmir equaliant Nishan-E-Haider
Lieutenant General Javed Nasir, Directorate ISI (1991-1993)
Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik, 1965 war hero
General Iftikhar Janjua, 1971 hero of Runn Kutch
General Mirza Aslam Beg, former Chief of Army Staff (COAS), think tank head
General Jehangir Karamat former Chief of Army Staff (COAS), Ambassador to the United States
General Hakeem Arshad
General Pervez Musharraf, Chief of Army Staff (COAS) and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC), President
General Rahimuddin Khan, famed 7-year Martial Law Governor of Balochistan and provincial hero
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, late Chief of Army Staff (COAS) and President
General A.A.K. Niazi Tiger Niazi
Squadron Leader Muhammad Mehmood Alam
Squadron Leader Sarfraz Rafiqui
Brigadier Muhammad Hayat Khan Sitara-e-jurat,War hero 1948,1965 and 1971 wars

Prominent Businessmen/Industrialists
Groups of Companies
[[Salman Awan]], "Director - Insaf Fabrics"
[[Zaheer Mirza]], "Chairman - Engineering Consulrants International (Pvt) Ltd (ECIL)" ; "Chairman - ECIL group of Companies"; "Founding Member - Association of Consulting Engineers Pakistan"; "Member PEC Executive commettee"; "Founder of First Consulting Engineering Company in Pakistan"
Zaheeruddin CEO-Shahzad International Group of Companies,Oil and Gas,Gold and Minerals Mining,Geological surveys,Defence supplies,Travel and Tour Operators,Flash security services and Trading Worldwide.
Javed Ali Khan Managing Director Pioneer Cement Limited, Director Noon Group of Companies
Mr Khalid Saifullah Chief Executive, Asian Business Federation UK
Mr Sheryar Choudhry CEO, G-3 Advertising Inc. NYC USA
Muhammad Saleem Nasir Civil Eng, Contractor and Builder MSN Group
H.E. Tahir Schon - Schon Group, President - Dubai Lagoon, Hon. Consul General Republic of Gambia.
Syed Ali Raza Gilani- Real Estate, Telecoms
Tariq A. Hassan - Banking, BPO The Buying Triangle
Mian Mansoor Iqbal (Managing Director), Manufacturers and Exporters of Leather, Dada Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd
Mian Muhammad Naseem Shafi Leather, Chemicals and Textile Shafi Group
Anwar Yahya owner of BP and AB Industries
Humayun Javed - Stock Exchange, Steel, Coal, Mutual Fund, Media. WE Financial Services Ltd.
Ahmad Dawood Textile, Engineering, Chemicals Dawood Group
Abbas Sarfaraz Sugar, Chemicals Premier Group
Iqbal Ali Lakhani Tobacco, Consumer Goods, Internet, Media Lakson Group
Mian Mohammad Mansha Banking, Cement, Textiles Nishat Group
Tariq Saeed Saigol Textiles, Cement Kohinoor Group
Nasir Schon Schon Group
Nasim Saigol Manufacturing, Banking
Ghulam Muhammad A. Fecto Tractors, Sugar, Cement Fecto Group of Industries
Bashir Ali Mohammad Textiles, Energy, Banking Gul Ahmed Group
Syed Babar Ali Consumer Goods Packages Group
Ghulam Faruque Cement, Sugar, Engineering, Shipping Ghulam Faruque Group
Yusuf Shirazi Automobiles, Finance Atlas Group
Sadruddin Hashwani Hotels Hashoo Group
Tariq Niazi Politics, Tractors, Transport, Lands, Chip Board 'Niazi Group'
Mohammad Ali Habib Banking, Automobiles House of Habib
Khalid Abbas Khan Niazi Tractors, Transport, Trading, Real Estate 'Niazi Group'
Javed Saifullah Khan Telecom, Textile Saif Group of Companies
Aqeel Zaheer Lari Hydrosealers Associates (Pvt.) Ltd.
Dewan Yousuf Farooqui Automobiles, Sugar, Textile, Cement Dewan Group
Ahmed Nawaz Khan President Saif Energy Ltd
Jehangir Monnoo Millionaire, Textile, Sugar, Agriculture Monnoo Group
Mian Muhammad Latif Textile Chenab Group
Munawar Khan Automobile, Textile, Steel, Oil and Ghee, Agriculture Ahmed Group
Aamir Hayat Khan Rokhri Transport, Beverages, Land, Politics, Clubs 'Rokhri Group'
Kazi Zulkader Siddiqui, MIT, Construction, Security, International Business, NGO 'Techcorp Group'
Habibullah Khattak Automobile, Textile Gandhara Nissan Motors and General Tyres
Mir Shakil ur Rehman Media Jang Group
Nadeem B j Sheikh Stock Exchange , Pharmaceuticals
Hameed Haroon, Media, Dawn Group
Fazal Din Group, Millionaire, Conglomerate Fazal Din & Sons
Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain Textile, Sugar Chaudhry Group
Khurram Saleem Kobra Meditech , Laser X Medi Group
Sajjad Hussain Honda Rizvi Trave RIZVI
Awais Saeed paracha tyre dealer ( known as king kong in tyre industry ) millionaire'
Khadim Ali Shah Bukhari Billionaire, Stock Exchange, Banking, Education KASB.
Nasir Ali Shah Bukhari Chairman KASB Group (KASB Bank) * Official website
Usman Ashraf Carpet export and manufacturing, Real estate Usman Carpet House
M.P. Bhandara owner of Murree Brewery
Khurram Z. Malik Sialkot
Shaikh Muhammad Farooq Magoon owner of Daikin (AAA Private Ltd)
Mian Rafique Saigol
Mohammad Khurram Minhas President & CEO Orchid Homes (Home Builders)
Adamjee Group Adamjee Group of Companies
Agha Hasan Abedi, Banker, founder of BCCI
Aftab Ahmed Vohra Chief Executive of VOHRA Group of Companies & MUGHAL AGENCIES
Chaudhary Shahnawaz Millionaire, Shahnawaz Textiles Ltd., Shahtaj Sugars, Shahtaj Textiles, Sheezan Juices and Food, Shahnawaz Fruit Farms, Shahnawaz Automobiles (Mercedes Supplier and Service Provider in Pakistan).]
Mr. Nasier A. Sheikh, COO, Askari Leasing
Mr. Ajaz Sheikh, Director of Food and Beverage, The Lanesborough, Hyde Park, London, United Kingdom
SAEED A MINHAS President & CEO SAM Builders ISLAMABAD & Austin TX USA
H.E Faisal Farooque, CEO - Universal biometric, UB Group of Companies

Pre-Independence Personalities
Daswandi Khan
Ghazi Abdul Qayyum Shaheed

List of Pakistani Poets

This is a list of Pakistani poets.

A. Waliuddin
Faiz Ahmad Faiz
Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
Ahmad Faraz
Munir Niazi
Zafar Iqbal
Majeed Amjad
Shakeb Jalali
Ghulam Muhammad Qasir
Parveen Shakir
Fazil Jamili
Sabir Zafar
Nasreen Anjum Bhatti
Usman Waqqas Chohan
Alama Zoqi Muzefer Nagri
Khawaja Reazuddin Atash
Maajed Siddiqui


Read urdu poetry of all these poets from UrduMaza.com , click here

History of Pakistan , First Nuclear Super Power of Islamic world

History of 7th nuclear power of the world and 1st Islamic Nuclear State, Pakistan History

BACKGROUND TO PARTITION
The concept of a separate Muslim "nation" or "people," qaum, is inherent in Islam, but this concept bears no resemblance to a territorial entity. The proposal for a Muslim state in India was first enunciated in 1930 by the poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal, who suggested that the four northwestern provinces (Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab, and the North-West Frontier Province) should be joined in such a state. In a 1933 pamphlet Choudhary Rahmat Ali, a Cambridge student, coined the name Pakstan (later Pakistan), on behalf of those Muslims living in Punjab, Afghan (North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sind, and Balochistan. Alternatively the name was said to mean "Land of the Pure." (H.R.T.)


Birth of the new state.
Pakistan came into existence as a dominion within the Commonwealth in August 1947, with Jinnah as governor-general andLiaquat Ali Khan as prime minister. With West and East Pakistan separated by more than 1,000 miles of Indian territory and with the major portion of the wealth and resources of the British heritage passing to India, Pakistan's survival seemed to hang in the balance. Of all the well-organized provinces of British India, only the comparatively backward areas of Sindh, Balochistan, and the North-West Frontier came to Pakistan intact. The Punjab and Bengal were divided, and Kashmir became disputed territory. Economically, the situation seemed almost hopeless; the new frontier cut off Pakistani raw materials from the Indian factories, disrupting industry, commerce, and agriculture. The partition and the movement of refugees were accompanied by terrible massacres for which both communities were responsible. India remained openly unfriendly; its economic superiority expressed itself in a virtual blockade. The dispute over Kashmir brought the two countries to the verge of war; and India's command of the headworks controlling the water supplies to Pakistan's eastern canal colonies gave it an additional economic weapon. The resulting friction, by obstructing the process of sharing the assets inherited from the British raj (according to plans previously agreed), further handicapped Pakistan. (L.F.R.W.)


THE TRANSFER OF POWER AND THE BIRTH OF TWO NATIONSBritish India in 1947,
showing major administrative divisions, the distribution of the principal.
Elections held in the winter of 1945-46 proved how effective Jinnah's single-plank strategy for his Muslim League had been, as the league won all 30 seats reserved for Muslims in the Central Legislative Assembly and most of the reserved provincial seats as well. The Congress was successful in gathering most of the general electorate seats, but it could no longer effectively insist that it spoke for the entire population of British India.
In 1946, Secretary of State Pethick-Lawrence personally led a three-man Cabinet deputation to New Delhi with the hope of resolving the Congress-Muslim League deadlock and, thus, of transferring British power to a single Indian administration. Cripps was responsible primarily for drafting the ingenious Cabinet Mission Plan, which proposed a three-tier federation for India, integrated by a minimal central-union government in Delhi, which would be limited to handling foreign affairs, communications, defense, and only those finances required to care for such unionwide matters. The subcontinent was to be divided into three major groups of provinces: Group A, to include the Hindu-majority provinces of the Bombay Presidency, Madras, the United Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, and the Central Provinces (virtually all of what became independent India a year later); Group B, to contain the Muslim-majority provinces of the Punjab, Sind, the North-West Frontier, and Baluchistan (the areas out of which the western part of Pakistan was created); and Group C, to include the Muslim-majority Bengal (a portion of which became the eastern part of Pakistan and in 1971 the country of Bangladesh) and the Hindu-majority Assam. The group governments were to be virtually autonomous in everything but matters reserved to the union centre, and within each group the princely states were to be integrated into their neighbouring provinces. Local provincial governments were to have the choice of opting out of the group in which they found themselves should a majority of their populace vote to do so.
Punjab's large and powerful Sikh population would have been placed in a particularly difficult and anomalous position, for Punjab as a whole would have belonged to Group B, and much of the Sikh community had become anti-Muslim since the start of the Mughal emperors' persecution of their gurus in the 17th century. Sikhs played so important a role in the British Indian Army that many of their leaders hoped that the British would reward them at the war's end with special assistance in carving out their own nation from the rich heart of Punjab's fertile canal-colony lands, where, in the "kingdom" once ruled by Ranjit Singh (1780-1839), most Sikhs lived. Since World War I, Sikhs had been equally fierce in opposing the British raj, and, though never more than 2 percent of India's population, they had as highly disproportionate a number of nationalist "martyrs" as of army officers. A Sikh Akali Dal ("Party of Immortals"), which was started in 1920, led militant marches to liberate gurdwaras ("doorways to the Guru"; the Sikh places of worship) from corrupt Hindu managers. Tara Singh (1885-1967), the most important leader of this vigorous Sikh political movement, first raised the demand for a separate Azad ("Free") Punjab in 1942. By March 1946, Singh demanded a Sikh nation-state, alternately called "Sikhistan" or "Khalistan" ("Land of the Sikhs" or "Land of the Pure"). The Cabinet Mission, however, had no time or energy to focus on Sikh separatist demands and found the Muslim League's demand for Pakistan equally impossible to accept.
As a pragmatist, Jinnah, himself mortally afflicted with tuberculosis and lung cancer, accepted the Cabinet Mission's proposal, as did Congress leaders. The early summer of 1946, therefore, saw a dawn of hope for India's future prospects, but that soon proved false when Nehru announced at his first press conference as the reelected president of the Congress that no constituent assembly could be "bound" by any prearranged constitutional formula. Jinnah read Nehru's remarks as a "complete repudiation" of the plan, which had to be accepted in its entirety in order to work. Jinnah then convened the league's Working Committee, which withdrew its previous agreement to the federation scheme and instead called upon the "Muslim Nation" to launch "direct action" in mid-August 1946. Thus began India's bloodiest year of civil war since the mutiny nearly a century earlier. The Hindu-Muslim rioting and killing that started in Calcutta sent deadly sparks of fury, frenzy, and fear to every corner of the subcontinent, as all civilized restraint seemed to disappear.
Lord Mountbatten (1900-79) was sent to replace Wavell as viceroy in March 1947, as Britain prepared to transfer its power over India to some "responsible" hands by no later than June 1948. Shortly after reaching Delhi, where he conferred with the leaders of all parties and with his own officials, Mountbatten decided that the situation was too dangerous to wait even that brief period. Fearing a forced evacuation of British troops still stationed in India, Lord Mountbatten resolved to opt for partition, one that would divide Punjab and Bengal virtually in half, rather than risk further political negotiations while civil war raged and a new mutiny of Indian troops seemed imminent. Among the major Indian leaders, Gandhi alone refused to reconcile himself to partition and urged Mountbatten to offer Jinnah the premiership of a united India rather than a separate Muslim nation. Nehru, however, would not agree to that, nor would his most powerful Congress deputy, Vallabhbhai Patel (1875-1950), as both had become tired of arguing with Jinnah and were eager to get on with the job of running an independent government of India.
Britain's Parliament passed in July 1947 the Indian Independence Act, ordering the demarcation of the dominions of India and Pakistan by midnight of Aug. 14-15, 1947, and dividing within a single month the assets of the world's largest empire, which had been integrated in countless ways for more than a century. Racing the deadline, two boundary commissions worked desperately to partition Punjab and Bengal in such a way as to leave a majority of Muslims to the west of the former's new boundary and to the east of the latter's, but as soon as the new borders were known, no fewer than 10 million Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs fled from their homes on one side of the newly demarcated borders to what they thought would be "shelter" on the other. In the course of that tragic exodus of innocents, some 1 million people were slaughtered in communal massacres that made all previous conflicts of the sort known to recent history pale by comparison. Sikhs, caught in the middle of Punjab's new "line," suffered the highest percentage of casualties. Most Sikhs finally settled in India's much-diminished border state of Punjab. Tara Singh later asked, "The Muslims got their Pakistan, and the Hindus got their Hindustan, but what did the Sikhs get?"
(The following section discusses the history since 1947 of those areas of the subcontinent that became the Republic of India. For historical coverage since 1947 of the partitioned areas in the northwest and the northeast, see the articles PAKISTAN and BANGLADESH.)


ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
Mohammed Ali Jinnah died in September 1948, within 13 months of independence. The leaders of the new Pakistan were mainly lawyers with a strong commitment to parliamentary government. They had supported Jinnah in his struggle against the Congress not so much because they desired an Islamic state but because they had come to regard the Congress as synonymous with Hindu domination. They had various degrees of personal commitment to Islam. To some it represented an ethic that might (or might not) be the basis of personal behaviour within a modern, democratic state. To others it represented a tradition, the framework within which their forefathers had ruled India. But there were also groups that subscribed to Islam as a total way of life, and these people were said to wish to establish Pakistan as a theocracy (a term they repudiated). The members of the old Constituent Assembly, elected at the end of 1945, assembled at Karachi, the new capital.
Jinnah's lieutenant, Liaquat Ali Khan, inherited the task of drafting a constitution. Himself a moderate (he had entered politics via a landlord party), he subscribed to the parliamentary, democratic, secular state. But he was conscious that he possessed no local or regional power base. He was a muhajir ("refugee") from the United Provinces, the Indian heartland, whereas most of his colleagues and potential rivals drew support from their own people in Punjab or Bengal. Liaquat Ali Khan therefore deemed it necessary to gain the support of the religious spokesmen (the mullahs or, more properly, the ulama). He issued a resolution on the aims and objectives of the constitution, which began, "Sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah Almighty alone" and went on to emphasize Islamic values. Hindu members of the old Constituent Assembly protested; Islamic states had traditionally distinguished between the Muslims, as full citizens, and dhimmis, nonbelievers who were denied certain rights and saddled with certain additional obligations.

History of Urdu Poetry

History of Urdu poetry by UrduMaza.com

Urdu language and literature, beyond their spatial confines, have been more heard of than read. With the publication of some notable translations, some of them in the recent past, a new literary culture seems to be emerging from the canons of the old. Modern Urdu poetry, of which this is the first comprehensive selection, has its own tradition of the new. It has developed through stages of a variegated literary history. This history has absorbed both the native and non- native elements of writing in Arabic and Persian, and the Urdu language has survived through several crises and controversies. Some of these are related to its growth and development, its use by the British to divide the Hindus and the Muslims. it estrangement in the land of its birth following the Partition of India and its interaction with Hindi once akin but now an alien counterpart. Even with the extinction of those generations of Sikhs in Punjab, Muslims in Bengal and Hindus elsewhere, who nurtured the language with love and for whom it was the mark of a cultivated man, the language has survived and developed. It is now the cultural legacy of India and the adopted national identity of Pakistan, and significant new literature has emerged in both countries.


Literary centre : Deccan, Delhi and Lucknow
Literature in Urdu grew at three different centres: Deccan, Delhi and Lucknow. As it happened, the Deccan emerged as the earliest centre, even though the language had first developed in northern India, as a result of an interesting linguistic interaction between the natives and the Muslim conquerors from Central Asia, who settled there in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, The period stretching roughly from the middle of the fourteenth centuries to the middle of the eighteenth produce a number of poets. They are claimed both by Urdu and Hindi literary historians, but Quli Qutub Shah (1565-1611) is generally acknowledged as the first notable poet, like Chaucer is English, with a volume of significant poetry in a language later named Urdu. He was followed by several others, among whom Wali Deccani (1635-1707) and Siraj Aurangabadi ( 1715-1763) deserves special mention. Delhi emerged as another significant centre with Mirza Mohammad Rafi Sauda (1713-80), Khwaja Mir Dard (1721-85), Mir Taqi Mir (1722-1810), Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib (1797-1869) and Nawab Mirza Khan Dagh (1831-1905). It reached its height of excellence during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Lucknow made its way as the third important centre with Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi (1725-1824), Inshallah Khan Insha (1757-1817), Khwaja Haidar Ali Atish (1778-1846), Iman Baksh Nasikh (1787-1838), Mir Babr Ali Anis (1802-74) and Mirza Salamat Ali Dabir (1803-1875). These literary capitals, where the classical tradition developed, had their individual stylistic and thematic identities, but broadly it may be said that the ghazal (love lyric) reached its zenith with Mir and Ghalib, qasida (panegyric) with Sauda, mathnawi (romance) with Mir Hasan and marthiya (elegy) with Anis and Dabir.

Hali and Iqbal : new poetry in Urdu
In the period that followed, and before the launching of the Progressive Writers Movement in the 30s, mention should be made of Altaf Husain Hali (1837-1914) and Mohammad Iqbal (1877-1938). Hali was a poet of the newer socio-cultural concerns and advocated 'natural poetry' that had an ameliorative purpose. His Musaddas is an important example of this. He was also a theorist who opened new frontiers in Urdu criticism with his Moqaddama-e-Sher-o-Shairi (Preface to Poetry) which equals Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads in importance, and even surpasses it in certain respects. He realized that with the impact of the West a new perspective was required. He, along with Mohammad Husain Azad (1830-1910), laid the foundations of a new poetry in 1867 under the auspices of Anjuman-e-Punjab, Lahore. Azad had asserted in the same year that Urdu poets should come out of the grooves of responses conditioned by Persian culture and root their works in the ethos of the land. Seeing no response to his pleas, he reiterated the same point seven years later on May 8, 1874 during his address on the occasion of the first mushaira of the Anjuman. These appeals failed to make and impact as sensibilities rooted in particular tradition are not easily altered even by impassioned pleas. Hali, creating a new taste for his age. Iqbal, with his remarkable religio-philosphical vision, and Josh Malihabadi (1838-1982), with his nationalistic and political fervour, produced exceptionally eloquent kinds of poetry that continue to reverberate over the years. Iqbal remained the most influential poet to achieve artistic excellence while putting forward a philosophical point of view, and his poetry, quite often, acquired the status of the accepted truth. A host of others Urdu poets and translators of English poetry who appeared on the literary scene during the first quarter of this century experimented with non-traditional poetic forms but they ultimately echoed sentiments and adopted forms that were more or less tradition-bound. They also looked towards the West, the traditional source of literary influence, but that was a world apart and too far to seek, They could reach only the Romantics who had already become outmoded in an age identified with Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot. A characteristically modern poem in form and value, tone and tenor, remained at best an intriguing possibility.

Progressive Writers Movement
The 1930s emerged as the archway for entry into a new world and achieve the unachieved. Some young Indians-- Sajjad Zaheer, Mulk Raj Anand, and Mohammad Deen Taseer-- who wee then studying in London, musing on the role of literature in a fast-changing world, came up with a manifesto for what came to be known as the Progressive Writers Movement. Even before this, Sajjad Zaheer, during his stay in India had published Angare (Embers), an anthology of short stories, with explicit sexual references and an attack on the decadent moral order. The book had to be banned, like Lady Chatterley's Lover, but the stories had an impact, as they were thematically interesting and technically innovative. The reader had suddenly become exposed to the worlds of Freud, Lawrence, Joyce and Woolf. There was a world of new values waiting to be explored by an emotionally charged and intellectually agile reader. the Progressive Writers Movement was launched at the right time. This was the precise hour to shed the age-old traditions, take leave to the clichés, proposed new theories, and explore a new world order.
Akhter Husain Raipuri, in his well-timed Adab aur Inqilab (Literature and Revolution) published in 1934, discarded the classical Urdu poets, including Mir and Ghalib, as degenerate representative of a feudalistic culture. This rejection was, however, based on extra-critical considerations as he was more intent on popularizing Marxist thought in literature. Premchand's famous presidential address to the conference of Progressive Writers Association in Lucknow two years later in 1936, came as a more precise call to relate literature to social reality. ' We will have to change the standards of beauty, ' he had said, and beauty of him was that which Eliot identified as ' boredom and horror' in his own context. The movement focussed on poverty, social backwardness, decadent morality, political exploitation; it dreamt of an ideal society and a just political system.
Every rebel was, therefore, a progressive writer and vice-versa during those exhilarating days. He was basically wedded to the idea of political and social revolution. He drew his inspiration from Marx. He rejected the striving for individual signatures, new modes of expression and new experiments in form. It was important for the poet to denote rather than connote, and to appeal to the larger humanity rather than to the individual. Falling victim of these errors before long, the movement alienated some noted poets, the most important of them being N. M. Rashed (1910-75) and Miraji (1912-49), who came together to lead a group called Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zauq (Circle of Connoisseurs) in 1939. The progressive writers insistence on ideology and the impatience of those who cared more for art are reminiscent of the British poets of the 1930s and the later stance of W. H. Auden.
Faiz Ahmad Faiz (1911-84) is the most prominent and the finest of the poets who subscribed to the progressive ideology. he was singularly successful in striking a balance between art an ideas. He was drew upon sources other than Urdu and Persian and imparted an individual tone to his poetry. he did not raise slogans; he only uttered soft notes of expostulation. he was inspired more by the spirit of liberation than by slogans raised elsewhere. Prominent among other progressive poets were Asrarul Haq Majaz (1908-56), Makhdoom Mohiuddin (1908-69), Ali Sardar jafri (b.1913), Jan Nisar Akhter (1914-76), Kaifi Azmi (b.1918) and Sahir Ludhianawi (1921-80). They are mentioned here not only for the individual qualities of their poetry by also for their importance in this movement at a particular juncture in literary history. Despite the deep political complexion of the Progressive Writers Movement, it prominence was a short-lived affair. The next generation of poets expressed certain misgivings about their emphasis on class struggle in a materialistic and scientific world. The new poet wished to shake off all external shackles and apprehend his own experience for himself.

The modernism
N. M. Rashed and Miraji are the two most remarkable poets in this group.They along with Faiz, represent in the Urdu language what Eliot and the Symbolists do in English and French. They appeared later but also showed a unique resilience and vitality. Faiz was a poet with a message, one woven artistically into a pattern of symbols and delivered in a mellifluous tones. Rashed treated the Urdu language in a fresh way and created complex symbiotic fusion. Faiz appeals alike to the philanthropist and the philanderer, the pious and profane, the music makers and dreamers of dreams, but Rashed appeals only to a select readership. Faiz emerged as a myth in his own lifetime while Rashed and Miraji are yet to be fully appreciated. Rashed's resources are immense. The merging to the eastern and western influences accounts for the richness of his verse enhanced by linguistic innovation and poetic skill. Miraji, who reminds one of Tristan Corbiere in his bohemianism, drew upon Oriental, American and French sources, meditated upon time, death, the mystery if human desires, the raptures of sex and wrote in a variety of verse forms -- regular, free, and prose-like. He opted for esoteric symbolism, resorted to the stream-of-consciousness method and emerged as a unique modernist movement in Urdu poetry.
It was on this tradition that individual poets later developed their own version of modernism. Majeed Amjad (1914-74), Akhtarul Iman (b.1915) and Mukhtar Siddiqi (1917-72) deserves special mention here. A poem for them was a delicate work of art that succeeded or failed for its artistic worth. Akhtarul Iman wrote ironic, nostalgic and dramatic poems, while Majeed Amjad wrote in an inimitable introspective mood and ideas. They served as models for the younger poets to follow. The impact of Rashed, Miraji and Faiz was immense and far-reaching. Their successors echoed them, learnt from them and so came to acquire their own voices in course of time.
The generations of poets since the 1950s faced new predicaments. The Partition of India was an experience they had suffered, while the world around was also terribly alive and eventful. Groups of poets followed on after another; Wazir Agha (b.1922), Muneer Niyazi (b.1927), Ameeq Hanfi (1922-88), Balraj Komal (b.1928), Qazi Saleem (b.1930) grappled with the world around in an idiom and form that were decidedly new and had nothing to do with Progressive aesthetics. All of them acquired their own individual identities and made their mark in the development of modern poetry. They looked back at their won masters-- Mir and Ghalib-- and fared forward to Eliot and Empson. Modern literary and philosophical movements no longer remained alien. Realism, symbolism, existentialism, and surrealism, were drawn closer home. Kumar Pashi (1935-92), Zubair Rizvi (b.1935), Shahrayar (b.1936), Nida Fazli (b.1938) and Adil Mansoori (b.1941), on the one hand, and Gilani Kamran (b.1926), Abbas Ather (b.1934), Zahid Dar (b.1936), Saqi Farooqi (b.1936), Iftekhar Jalib (b.1936), Ahmed Hamesh (b.1937), Kishwar Naheed (b.1940) and Fehmida Reyaz (b.1946), on the other, experimented in form and technique, bringing in new diction and finding a place for new experiences. The new poem had come into being; modernism had firmly established itself by the mid-1970s.
Shaabkhoon, a literary journal, projected this movement in a big way and identified the poets of the new order. Ever since its inception in 1966, it has done a singular job -- especially during the vital 60s and 70s -- of creating a taste for modernism. Shamsur Rehman Farooqi, the most perceptive of the modern Urdu critics, played a vital role in helping recognize the contours of modernism with his critical studies. his studies appraising modern poets, as well as classical poets who bear upon the modern tradition, developed sound critical theories and helped in creating an atmosphere for the acceptance and appreciation of modernism.

Urdu Poetry in Pakistan
It may not seem quite right to speak of Urdu poetry in terms of Indian and Pakistani poetry, but it would be reasonable to say that the new urdu poetry in Pakistan is remarkable for its variety and vitality. Emerging from the common sources and traditions of history and culture, poetry in Pakistan has achieved its own frames of reference, its own tones of voice, its own notes of protest, largely because of the socio-political compulsions. Its poetics is characterized by a healthy adherence to tradition and somewhat virile improvisation of the traditional modes of expression.
The new poet in Pakistan has created his own blend of the lyrical with the prosaic, the manifest with the allegorical. he expressed his own predicament and that of the world around him which arouse both hope and fear, dreams and despair. Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Majeed Amjad and Muneer Niyazi, with their vitality and strength, have led us to the still more varied and vibrant Sermad Sehbai, Asghar Nadeem Syed, Afzal Ahmad Syed, Zeeshan Sahil and the vital feminine voices of Kishwar Nahed, Fehmida Reyaz, Nasreen Anjum Bhatti, Sara Shagufta, Shaista Habib and Azra Abbas. All these and many more form part of a formidable poetic scene. They are rich in their experience and execution and may well be placed among the prominent Third World voices that are being heard today with great curiosity and interest.
Modernism is an international phenomenon and modern Urdu poetry is a part of it. It has made its mark with its recognizably individual poetics. The Urdu poet is now free to make his choice; he has drawn upon sources both indigenous and foreign, literary and extra-literary, including philosophy, sociology and mythology. The issues regarding the form of the poem, the language, experiential capital and aesthetic dimensions have been resolved. the modern reader has finally identified his poem.
[ From the introduction to the book ' Fire and the Rose ' ]

Rahman, Anisur ; Fire and the Rose; an anthology of modern Urdu poetry; Rupa & Co. 1995.

urdu poetry of pakistan( a brief history )

A Brief History of Urdu Poetry by UrduMaza.com

Poetry is a personal and emotional genre making it difficult to truly explain what constitutes poetry; however, we can summarize it in the following definitions of poetry:

> The expression of the heart, human experience, feelings and thoughts.

> Expressing facts in appropriate words.

> A description of life written with imagination and emotion.

> The most popular genre of literature.

> The fountain to civilization, constitution and different arts and crafts.

> The concoction of all knowledge and craft.

> An element of surprise to us.

> An art through which a poet can excite the emotions and feelings of others.

> Expressing an ordinary event in an effective, heart-stealing style of writing that creates a sharp reaction in the heart and mind of the reader.

Poetry is universal as every language spoken by mankind has in it some poetic elements. Interestingly, though languages differ significantly in the manner of expression, the nature of poetic expression remains common indicating that poetry is more of a human phenomenon rather than syntactical expression. From expression of love for a woman to revolt against a regime, poetry carries in it an element of subtlety and spontaneity—something created by the environs of the poet. To understand a great poet, therefore, we must first look into his mind and his awareness of the milieu exterior. Since Ghalib, undoubtedly the greatest poet of Urdu language, expressed himself mainly through his writings of love sonnets, it is imperative that we examine the art of love sonnets, the language they are written in, and the environs that prompted these writings to understand how Ghalib became a master of this genre.

In this chapter we will examine the roots of Urdu language, Urdu poetry and particularly the genre of love sonnets, ghazals, in Urdu. The following chapter will examine the life and works of Ghalib and the third chapter will offer a broad view of Ghalib’s art of expression in love sonnets, the ghazals.

Urdu, literally meaning “camp” in Turkish, is a mixture of many tongues and languages. Muslims brought many different languages to India, and diluted India’s languages freely with words from their own. When Delhi was the seat of the Muslim Empire in the late 12th century, the languages around Delhi, mainly Brij Bhasha and Sauraseni became heavily mixed with Persian, the lingua franca of the Muslim rulers. Other languages that found their way into the languages of India were Turkish, Arabic and later English. Whereas much of the vocabulary of the original languages (Sauraseni, for example) changed, the basic grammar structure remained intact. In the 13th century, the language of India became widely known as Hindvi, Hindi, and Brij Bhasha and was written in the original devanagri script [the Sanskrit script]. The name gUrdug was given to this thriving language of the region in the period of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan (1627-1658). The language was introduced to the southern province of India, Hyderabad Deccan, by the armies and followers of the Tughlaq and Khilji kings in the 14th century. Affected by the dialects of the South, the language became known as Deccani (after Hyderabad Deccan), having adopted the Persian script and replaced Persian in offices as the official language. Since the language was written in the devanagri script for quite some time around Delhi, it had been erroneously assumed that the first Urdu poet was Amir Khusro (1253-1325) from the Deccan. The fact is many poets up in the North had already been writing Urdu poetry, namely Kabir Das, Mira Bai, Guru Nanak, Malik Mohammad Jaisi and Abdul Rahim Khan Khanan, who lived much earlier than Amir Khusro.



Urdu poetry of the Indian subcontinent as we know it today did not take its final shape until the 17th century when it was declared the official language of the court. The 18th century saw a phenomenal rise in Urdu poetry when Urdu replaced Persian as the lingua franca of the region. Urdu poetry, as it is derived from Persian, Turkish and Arabic, acquired many conventions in its poetry that came from these languages. Just as Elizabethan English is full of social and regional realities, Urdu holds a remarkable wealth of the conventions of many cultures and languages. This element got a great boost in the 18th century when there weren’t many newspapers or media of information available to the public. Urdu poetry became a more intimate form of communication regarding the social and political tribulations of the time. The commonest form of communication, in tradition with the Arabic culture, was to read poetry in gatherings, called musha’era, where poets would gather to read poems crafted in accordance with a metrical pattern, which was often prescribed beforehand. Not only did the poetry have to meet the choice of word, and the loftiness of thought but also strict metrical patterns. There were competitions like those held in ancient Greek, Roman and pre-Islamic Arabic cultures. However, the intensity and warmth of the musha’eras that developed in Delhi were indeed unique and helped popularize Urdu as the language of poetry in the Mughal Empire. A culture built around taking lessons in writing Urdu poetry became the in-thing for the royalty, and the masters of poetry were given reverence worthy of kings. In all musha’eras, the most honored of the poets would preside and the candle that was passed around to poets in the order of their rankings reached the presiding poet in the end. This impact on the tradition of respect and new cultural traits took root since the poets were held in high-esteem in those times. The royalty sought their company and poetry was sent as gift to their friends. Whereas the 18th century produced remarkable literature in Urdu, it was often lost, since only when the poets reached fame were their writings collected and published. The writings of one of the greatest poet, Nazir, were collected 80 years after his death and even the works of Zauq, the teacher of King Bahadur Shah Zafar, were destroyed during the mutiny of 1857. Some of the poems written by the King, Bahadur Shah Zafar, in exile were also lost.

Urdu poetry is based on a system of measure—it is a quantitative expression and its form is very rigid. The usual measures are nine, or more commonly eighteen, but by various permutation and combinations, they number over 800. The several forms of Urdu poetry include:

q qasida or ode of praise

q masnavi or long reflective poem and tale in verse

q marsia or elegy

q qit’a or fragment, a four line quatrain

q ruba’i or a quatrain with specific rhyme and topic

q ghazal , a lyrical poem of six to 26 lines, often longer; the word gghazalg is derived from, Arabic word, “taghazzul,” or gconversation with ladiesg or expression of love for women. The word ghazal also means the agonized cry of the gazelle. The literal meaning of ghazalg is to talk to women or to talk about them or to express love to them through the description of the condition of heart.

Whereas many poets have specialized in the specific art of writing one of the above types, most have attempted ghazal, the most popular form and those whose fame reached the greatest heights have been poets of ghazal. Since each verse of a ghazal is an independent segment and a complete description of the topic (though there may be a chain of verses with the same theme), it requires a great deal of ability to express in the fewest words the most complex emotions. Also, since the topic of ghazal is not new and just about everyone in his or her lifetime experiences affection towards the opposite sex, the style of expression for the ghazal has to be unique to make any impact. As a result, it is easy to write a common verse but almost a monumental task to create a unique one.

ªhazal became the most popular form of Persian and Urdu poetry while qasida was popular in Arabic poetry. ²asida finds its roots in tribal sentiments. The rise of Islam saw a decline in the tribal structure of the communities and more sophisticated, livelier expressions of society, the lover and the beloved became the accepted themes of poetry. That remains true today, though in its transition many thoughts of mysticism have also surfaced. The ghazal also maintains a rather platonic sense as well; juxtaposed to corporeal love, the spiritual love expressed in Urdu ghazal coexists with the mundane. Understanding an Urdu ghazal can be a daunting task for many, particularly those who are removed from the Indo-Persian and Arabic scene. The forces of images, the dreams and the strength of analogies combined with subtleties of the words as used colloquially, create the mood of the ghazal, making it almost impossible to translate the thoughts into another language, particularly the English language, which though extremely rich in vocabulary and thought, remains inadequate in expressing the nuances of a distant culture and language. [Converse will be true if one were to translate Shakespeare in Urdu.] All of this combined with extreme brevity, as a two line verse, makes it that much more difficult to understand and interpret. The poetry of Ghalib, the topic of this book, is a classical example. gUnderstanding Ghalibg can well be an oxymoron. A good ghazal has to be lived through allowing it to sink in and it cannot be read only once; it entails a slow imbibing process before the spirit of the thoughts expressed begin to guncompressg and an abstract becomes visual.

The ghazal is made up of sh’ers (verses), which consists of two hemistiches each, and may be called couplets with the difference that the two lines rhyme only in the opening verse or where they form a qit’a or a continuous ghazal. (The word sh’er is derived from the Arabic meaning “of wisdom and hence the she’r, shae’ri and mushae’ra all representing intelligence, reasoning, knowledge, and consciousness.) A verse has q¢fi¢ and radif, the rhyming and repeating words, except in the first verse, matla, where the qafia and radif are the same. The last verse is called maqta, wherein the poet normally uses his pseudonym (takhallus), often to create a meaning out of it or to construct a clever thought. The meter is also very specific for ghazals.

A difference from Western poetry arises here as the she’rs do not bear any relationship to each other and are often complete in the thought, theme or feeling they portray. Though the ghazals may often carry a theme, there are such drastic changes in expression that it often throws the Western reader totally off-guard? The measure of a ghazal remains the same and the rhyming scheme is aa, ba, ca, and so on. The popularity of Urdu ghazal comes from its varied themes. The high etiquette required in writing ghazal and the limits the themes place on the poet. The most common subjects of the ghazal are the love of the poet for his beloved, her (his, see later) indifference, the broken heart, the cruelty of fate, the difficulties in passing the night of separation; the impermanence of human glory, the instability of life, the meaning of God and so on. Many similes are used to describe the varied images and themes that form the core of Urdu ghazal. The nest is the lover’s heart, wherein the lightning (cruelty of fate) strikes, the nightingale (bulbul) loving the rose, the moth burning itself on the candle, the snare and the hunted bird, the dagger of the beloved’s eyelashes are common. Also intertwined in the varied descriptions of feelings are references to biblical prophets: Jacob’s patience and his suffering for Joseph; the beauty of Joseph; Zuleikha, the wife of Potiphar, Solomon the wise, Jesus the giver of life, Moses’ challenge to God to show Himself. Also, many anecdotal stories and themes are oft repeated: Qaroon, the rich man who was hanged for not paying taxes, the discovery and taste for good wine of the Persian Kings Jamshed, Kaikobad and Kaikhusro of Zoroastrian days, Alexander of Macedonia. Shireen and Farhad, the legendary lovers of Persia, and their Arabic counterparts, Laila and Majnoon; the warrior Sultan Mahmood Ghazni and his beloved slave, Ayaz, are some of the themes that must be well understood by the reader of Urdu poetry. In addition, the poet has many personalities, some figurative, to deal with; there is this pir who serves as a guide or mediator, trying to dissuade the lover from his insanity; the prayer cloth and the black string worn by religious men; the wine, the tavern, the goblet, the decanter appear all over. The more sublime topics include descriptions of monism, dialogue with God and assertion of Sufi doctrines. The Glossary section of the book describes details of these and many more topics of common occurrence in Urdu ghazal. The knowledge of the holy book of Islam, Qur’an, finds many references in Ghalib’s ghazal as do the vedantic beliefs and Hindu philosophy of life.

Despite the great diversity in the topics of the ghazal, the most significant mood remains melancholy and love-sick; a heart full of sadness is the prevailing theme, and rules for this were actually laid down by Arab critics Ibn-eRasheeq and Ibn-e Quddama in the 10th and 11th century; Persian poetry, which has the greatest influence on Urdu ghazal reinforced this theme. Held in supreme regard is the beloved and no expression could belittle the beloved. (However, see below how Ghalib got away with this.) The ghazal, carries a sense of nobility, idealism, sensuousness (not necessarily a sensual aura) wherein the lover is inseparable from the loved. It is more like the 16th and 17th century English lyrical poetry, wherein metaphors play a significant role. Take for example T. S. Eliot’s “Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.” Love adduced in Urdu ghazal is always one-sided, unrequited love, idolizing and idealizing at the same time. Urdu ghazal poet is not merely creating a ghazal from its many blocks (she’rs), but representing the times he or she is living in. The vision of the poet as affected by the surroundings is very much reflected in the ghazal, a concept that is closer to Shelley’s concept wherein the poet is the “unacknowledged legislator of mankind.” Ghalib’s ghazals have also been compared to the devastating couplets of Alexander Pope

A rather touchy situation for the Western reader of Urdu poetry arises in how the male gender is used for the beloved. Translations, including this book, are difficult to do using this scheme. (As a result, I have addressed the beloved as female). The roots of this convention go back to the ancient Persians and Greeks; the Persians with their homosexual preference found the young Turkish boys taken in as slaves very attractive. In the 18th and the 19th century, it was fashionable to have these young companions as confidants, and cupbearers (saqi) to a point where the royalty began to profess their love for them rather openly. As a result, the poetry, which at that time was mainly for the consumption of the royalty, began to express the sentiments of the love of the male for the male. (The Western gay movement finds its beginning in the late 20th century.) Soon it became fashionable to address the beloved as male and the tradition continues.

Before Amir Khusro (1253-1325), the language of poetry was primarily the vernacular Brij Bhasha. Amir Khusro interspersed it with Persian as the first school of ghazal poets emerged in the Deccan during the 15th and 16th centuries. Early ghazal was somewhat free of structure and made rather simple and blunt expressions as we see in the works of the Qutub Shahi poets of the Deccan. Vali (1668-1744) contributed much to the structure of ghazal. When the works of Vali reached Delhi in 1720, the town was in an uproar and, within a decade, Urdu became a language of poetry. The works of many minor poets like Hatim, Naji, Mazmoon and Abru actually formed the groundwork that cemented the structure of Urdu poetry in the 18th century in Northern India, particularly Delhi. Urdu ghazal became heavily Persianized and led in the golden age of Urdu ghazal beginning with Mir Taqi Mir. The simplicity of emotions expressed in earlier ghazals went through a metamorphosis, leading to the works of Ghalib, perhaps the most difficult Urdu ghazal poet. This transition from the 15th to 18th century was due not only to the maturity of technique but to changes in the social order as well. For India, the 18th century was an age of transition. The last of the strong Mughal Emperors was Aurangzeb (1707), after whom there was dismemberment of the empire. The capital was invaded and destroyed by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali, followed by others. Finally, the British crept in with their deceptive plans. All of this changed the aura of the empire, which had stifled human thought. The uncertainties of the time caused many to raise questions and a revival of the arts and literature, a sort of renaissance period, ensued for India in the 18th century. Urdu poetry benefited most from this revolution of thoughts. The doubts and the uncertainties of the 18th century continued into the 19th century, and the mutiny of 1857 against the British left many indelible marks on the social and cultural scene of Northern India, all reflected melancholically by many poets, Ghalib included. Many new constructions of language ensued using old similes. The executioner and the rival were now the British. Christ became a symbol of the ruling elite and new meaning was given to the kalisa (church). The dwindling light from the candle of the dying empire was called a candle ready to be extinguished as the weak, symbolic emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, who himself was an elite poet, tried desperately to preserve the traditions of the Mughal Empire. Mourning over lost glory became an oft-repeated topic for Urdu poetry.

In brief, Urdu ghazal finds its roots in the melancholic romantic era of the Mughal period. It was through the rise of Urdu ghazal as a medium of expression that Urdu language rose to the height of popularity and evolution in a very short time in its lifecycle.

pakistan vs india test and one day series 2007

Pakistan's Tour of Indian Nov-Dec 2007


Pakistan 's tour of India was expected to be very breath taking. After Pakistan and india 's final in twenty 20 world cup 2007, Pakistani fans were expecting that they will beat india but after losing fine one day series 3-2 , pakistan lost first test as well . However from no where pakistan cricket team could manage to draw 2nd test with the help of centuries by Kamran Akmal, Younis khan and great Misbah ul Haq.


3rd test in underway , today is 3rd day. India has made 620+ runs with the help of Double century from Saurav gangually , his all time best test score , 169 by Yovraj Singh and 102 not out by Irfan Pathhan. Pakistan bowlers looked too weak infront of Run Gunners like Yunvaj and gangually , making partnership of 300 plus runs.

As everyone know, Shoaib Akhtar bowled just 10 overs as he was injured while Pakistan main striker Muhammad Asif and Omer gull didn't join the team due to injury.

Infact , the team india is facing Pakistan a 2nd class team without Omer Gull and Muhammad Asif and Shoaib Akhtar Injured. Even then if pakistan have drawn a test match, it is very good effort.

Shoaib Malik pakistani captain looked faded away. Didn't know how to make tough decisions and so Younis khan is against asked to lead the team

Pakistan is at present , 80 plus runs and they have left 9 wickets as yasir hameed was LBW by Anil Kumble, Indian Captain. Salman butt is not out at 50* and Younis khan is not out on 20* . Let see what happens today when pakistan faces the spin attack from Harbhajan singh and anil kumble. Will pakistan be able to draw this match ?

well as it looks , if everything goes the way it is seeming to go, pakistan is going to lose test series 2-0 as well.

we must hope that paksitan's pace attack be strenthen with Omer gull and Muhammad Asif. And Shoaib Akhtar should work hard on his fitness.

Thank You

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